Wednesday, November 7, 2007

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What Does Nanotechnology Mean to Venture Capitalists?

Venturecapitaliststodayaremorecautiousthaneverbefore,notonlybecauseofthe internet bubble, but also because nanotechnology is still in its infancy. Healthy scepticism is a trademark of the profession, one that is valued more these days than in the boom times. Most in the venture capital community are still focused on digesting theirearlierinvestmentsfrompreviousyears.Bydefinition,theamount of new investment per year is only a small fraction of the total amount of funds under management. Very few new funds are being formed that focus on nanotechnology.



The top-tier venture capital firms are always alert to the possibility of new breakthrough technologies and will fund a very small number of start-ups. Startups need to rely on the few smaller, specialist firms that have the resources to support a nanotechnology company. Significantly, the history of investments in advanced materials has not been encouraging. Licensing as a primary business model is, in general, not appealing because companies that only license out their technology will generate very attractive profits but not large revenue streams. Such enterprises don’t grow to become big companies which would be valued highly by the public stock markets, so an initial public offering of stock is unlikely to be the exit strategy of choice. More often, the technology and the company are acquired by a major corporation that may be a strategic partner initially, or even a competitor. The path to tangiblevalue creation is long and arduous. This situation with nanotechnology start-ups actually poses a bit of a quandary for venture capitalists. They can clearly perceive the substantial market opportunities, but they cannot clearly see the path to commercial success. The increasing multitude offactors faced by entrepreneurs are shared by aventurecapitalist who is willingtoinvest.Venture capitalistsaremostcomfortablewhentheyunderstandthe business model, one that is based on previous successful experience, butwhich also includes new features to deal with the current risks. Today, venture capitalists tend to be specialists in certain areas of technology: software, semiconductors, wireless technologies, biotechnology, medical devices, etc. Venture capitalists rely on realworld experience as the most valuable asset of a management team, so they must apply that same rule to their partners, if not themselves.


Who are the experts in nanotechnology? Partners with a strong background in the chemicals or materials industries are relatively rare in the venture capital world.The situation is reminiscent of the early days of biotechnology. In the days of Amgen and Genentech, there were only biologists, biochemists and pharmacists, as well as chemists and chemical engineers. What was a biotechnologist? Today the term is broad enough to include all the earlier specialists, plus people who look at the business from a different, unique point of views. Before venture capitalists will invest large amounts of money in nanotechnology start-ups, they will have to develop not only technical expertise, but more importantly, a new and different point of view about their investment strategy. At this point in the development cycle of the technology, the smart investors are looking at powerful technology platforms with broad patent coverage of multiple market opportunities. Some nanotechnology start-ups have more than one hundred patent applications, with some already issued. Again likethe biotech industry, establishing strong intellectual property positions is going to be extremely important for startups, for defensive as well as aggressive strategies.


Nanotechnology Law & Business
Nanotechnology and the Best Mode
MATTHEW J. DOWD , NANCY J. LEITH and JEFFREY S. WEAVER
ABSTRACT The number of nanotechnology-related patent applications being filed with the Patent & Trademark Office (“PTO”) has steadily increased over the last few years—a trend that is certain to continue. One factor driving this trend is the need for nanotechnology start up companies to present a vibrant patent portfolio in order to attract much needed investment dollars. Associated with this increased patent activity, patent practitioners are faced with the challenge of certifying that such inventions comply with the traditional patentability standards. In this article, Matthew J. Dowd, Nancy J. Leith and Jeffrey S. Weaver address the particular challenge of ensuring a nanotechnology invention’s compliance with the “best mode” requirement of Section 112 of the Patent Statute. Following a detailed discussion of the best mode requirement in light of Federal Circuit precedent, Dowd, Leith and Weaver outline several helpful suggestions that may benefit the patent practitioner in prosecuting nanotechnology applications with an eye toward avoiding allegations of best mode violations should the patent be later litigated. Important considerations are included regarding the best mode requirement and due diligence investigations, and the pros and cons of trade secret protection for nanotechnology inventions are briefly discussed.
http://pubs.nanolabweb.com/nlb

A JOINT ECONOMIC COMMITTEE STUDY ON NANO TECHNOLOGY
Abstract
Enhanced abilities to understand and manipulate matter at the molecular and atomic levels promise a wave of significant new technologies over the next five decades. Dramatic breakthroughs will occur in diverse areas such as medicine, communications, computing, energy, and robotics. These changes will generate large amounts of wealth and force wrenching changes in existing markets and institutions. This paper discusses the range of sciences currently covered by nanotechnology. It begins with a description of what nanotechnology is and how it relates to previous scientific advances. It then describes the most likely future development of different technologies in a variety of fields. The paper also reviews the government’s current nanotechnology policy and makes some suggestions for improvement.
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The aim of this report is to provide basic, background information of global scope on three emerging technologies: nanotechnology, artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics. According to the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI), it is important to consider these emerging technologies now because their emergence on the market is anticipated to ‘affect almost every aspect of our lives’ during the coming decades (DTI, 2002). Thus, a first major feature of these three disciplines is product diversity. In addition, it is possible to characterise them as disruptive, enabling and interdisciplinary.
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Monday, September 3, 2007

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Abstract:- Nanotechnology and Electronics, the article focuses on the present state of micro-electronics and the problems faced at nano levels in silicon nanotechnology (smaller than 100nm) and the options and solutions available by Nanotechnology. Also about the application of new nano technological solutions available like the use of nanotubes, nanowires, nanodots and other nanomaterials in electronics and the physics governing their behavior at nanoscale.

Keywords:- Nanotechnology, nanoelectronics, carbon nanotube, semiconductor nanotechnology, CMOS nanotechnology, Silicon nanotechnology, nanowires, nanoparticles, nanodevices, nanophysics.

1. INTRODUCTION

Nanotechnology has affected nearly every field of Engineering and Science but most of the innovation and funding (private) in Nanotechnology came from Electronics giants, in search for making faster computers. The other fields that worked with nano electronics hand in hand were nano-photonics and nano-instrumentation. Also the marketing and making of nano gadgets started from the computers and mobiles which are the only machines made at nano scale that were available economically in the market at a very early stage. So it is of no doubt that the only area where nanotechnology penetrated deeply is electronics where it had lead to cost advantage and performance attributes especially in transistors and today we have 1 billion transistors in the latest processor. The backbone of nanotechnology in electronics are the results that we have taken from nano physics that is quantum physics and solid state physics because then we talk of things at nano scale these are the two stream of physics that helps us in predicting things. Eventually when we talk of electronics it is all about electrons and how we use them in various gadgets to get the required result. So it is very important to know electrons and how it behaves at nano scale in electronics.

Introduction and Importance Quantum Mechanics

A fundamental aspect of quantum mechanics is the particle-wave duality, introduced by De Broglie, according to which any particle can be associated with a matter wave whose wavelength is inversely proportional to the particle’s linear momentum. Whenever the size of a physical system becomes comparable to the wavelength of the particles that interact with such a system, the behavior of the particles is best described by the rules of quantum mechanics. All the information we need about the particle is obtained by solving its Schrodinger equation. The solutions of this equation represent the possible physical states in which the system can be found. But quantum mechanics is not required to describe the movement of objects in the macroscopic world. The wavelength associated with a macroscopic object is in fact much smaller than the object’s size, and therefore the trajectory of such an object can be excellently derived using the principles of classical mechanics. Things change, for instance, in the case of electrons orbiting around a nucleus, since their associated wavelength is of the same order of magnitude as the electron-nucleus distance.

We can use the concept of particle-wave duality to give a simple explanation of the behavior of carriers in a semiconductor nanocrystal. In a bulk inorganic semiconductor, conduction band electrons (and valence band holes) are free to move throughout the crystal, and their motion can be described satisfactorily by a linear combination of plane waves whose wavelength is generally of the order of nano-meters. This means that, whenever the size of a semiconductor solid becomes comparable to these wavelengths, a free carrier confined in this structure will behave as a particle in a potential box. The solutions of the Schrodinger equation in such case are standing waves confined in the potential well, and the energies associated with two distinct wave functions are, in general, different and discontinuous. This means that the particle energies cannot take on any arbitrary value, and the system exhibits a discrete energy level spectrum. Transitions between any two levels are seen as discrete peaks in the optical spectra, for instance. The system is then also referred to as ‘‘quantum confined’’.

The main point here is that in order to rationalize (or predict) the physical

properties of nanoscale materials, such as their electrical and thermal conductivity or their absorption and emission spectra, we need first to determine their energy level structure.

2. THEORY OF NANO-ELECTRONICS

2.1 PRESENT STATE OF NANO-ELECTRONICS.

Moore’s law states that the number transistor on an integrated chip for a component doubles every two years. How ever this law does not holds perfectly true for RAM (Random Access memory). This does not mean that the number of transistor on a chip increases but about the density of transistors at which the cost per transistor is the lowest.Currently processors are fabricated at 90nm and 65nm that are being introduced by Intel.

The 90 nanometer (90 nm) process refers to the level of semiconductor process or fabrication technology that wasachieved in the 2002-2003 period, by most leading semiconductor companies, like Intel, Texas Instruments, IBM etc.

However it is not true for RAM and hard disk. New materials seeing possible use in nano-electronics and will probably keep this law on track. The future is seen as molecular electronics but there is lots of work still to be done to make that possible.

2.2 SILICON NANOTECHNOLOGY

2.2.1 CMOS Nanotechnology

For the past several decades, miniaturization in silicon integrated circuits has pro-

gressed steadily with an exponential scale described by Moore’s Law.

This incredible progress has generally meant that critical dimensions are reduced by a factor of two every three years, while chip density increases by a factor of four over this period. However, modern chip manufacturers have been accelerating this pace recently, and currently chips are being made with gate lengths in the 45 to 65 nm range. More scaling is expected, however, and 15-nm gate lengths are scheduled for production before the end of this decade.

In MOSFET there is electric field between the gate and the semiconductor is such that an inverted carrier population is created and forms a conducting

channel. This channel extends between the source and drain regions, and the transport through this channel is modulated by the gate potential.

As the channel length has gotten smaller, there has been considerable effort to

incorporate a variety of new effects into the simple (as well as the more complex)

models. These include short-channel effects, narrow width effects, degradation of

the mobility due to surface scattering, hot carrier effects, and velocity overshoot.

Ballistic transport in the MOSFET (discussed in later part)

Thermodynamics is just as significant in limiting scaling as the preceding effects.

The first way it limits scaling is in its control of the subthreshold behavior of

MOSFETs. The subthreshold current of a MOSFET originates in the high-energy

tail of the statistical distribution of carriers in its source region. The carriers in the

source are governed by Fermi-Dirac statistics, and so the tail of the distribution is essentially Boltzmann.

There two major scattering regions - the barrier between the channel and the

source and within the channel.

There also exists a phenomenon Granularity is the failure of thermodynamic averaging in small devices.

Quantum behavior in the device, there are two effects and Effective Carrier Wave Packet .

These effects also include tunneling through the gate insulator, tunneling through the band gap, quantum confinement issues, interface scattering, discrete atomistic effects in the doping and at interfaces, and thermal problems associated with very high power densities.

Ballistic Properties:-

It is the phenomenon where the the contribution in electrical resistivity due to scattering by the atoms, molecules or impurities in the medium itself, is negligible or absent meaning the electron can move without hindrances. There is no loss of kinetic energy due to collision of hitting of electrons with atom of metal thereby electrons move in a mean free path where it can move freely.

Image from Book - Silicon Nanotechnology by Shunri Oda and David Ferry , Taylor and Fransis Group LLC.

Quantum mechanical scaling limitations include both confinement effects and tun-

neling effects. Confinement effects occur when electron or hole wave functions are squeezed into narrow spaces between barriers. In FETs this primarily happens in the channel, where the charges are squeezed between the gate insulator on one side and the built-in field of the body on the other side. Quantum confinement in this approximately triangular well raises the ground state energy of the electrons or holes, which increases the threshold voltage, and shifts the mean position of the carriers a little farther from the Si-SiO2 interface.

Quantum mechanical tunneling is generally more detrimental to scaling than the

Confinement effects. When electrons or holes tunnel through the barriers of the FET, it causes leakage current. As scaling continues, this ultimately causes unacceptable increases in power dissipation. The leakage may also cause some types of dynamic logic circuits to lose their logic state, but the former problem usually seems to arise first.

There are primarily two forms of tunneling leakage: tunneling current through the gate insulator, and tunneling current through the drain-to-body junction.

The atomistic effects that cause limitations to scaling are those in which the discreteness of matter gives rise to large statistical variations in small devices. These statistical variations occur because the atoms or molecules tend to display Poisson statistics in their number or position, and the Poisson distribution for small numbers can become very wide.

2.2.2 Memory

As the semiconductor device feature size enters the sub-50-nm range, two new effects come into play. One is the quantum effect, which is rooted in the wave nature of the charge carriers, and gives rise to non classical transport effects such as resonant tunneling and quantum interference. The other is related to the quantized nature of the electronic charge, often manifested in the so-called single-electron effect: Charging each electron to a small confined region requires a certain amount of energy in order to overcome the Coulomb repulsion; if this charging energy is greater than the thermal energy, kb*T (kb Boltzman constant, T temperature), a single electron added to the region could have a significant effect on other electrons entering the confined region.

To increase the storage density of semiconductor memories, the size of each memory cell must be reduced. A smaller memory cell also leads to higher speed and lower power consumption. This is the incentive for studying the nanoscale semiconductor memory.

One of the general schemes for semiconductor data storage is by storing charges

on a capacitor. The charged state and the uncharged state can be used to represent

binary information 1 and 0, respectively. Usually charges are transferred to the

capacitor through a resistive.

The motivation for this work is to investigate the ultimate limit of a floating gate

MOS memory. In a conventional floating gate memory, there are typically on the

order of 10 to power 4 electrons stored on the floating gate to represent one bit of information.

The ultimate limit in scaling down the floating gate memory is to use only one

electron for the same purpose, hence the name “single-electron MOS memory”

(SEMM). The advantage of such a memory is that not only can it be very small,

but also it can provide some unique characteristics that are not available in the

conventional device, such characteristics as quantized threshold voltage shift and

quantized charging voltage.

To make single-electron memory practical, both thermal fluctuation and quantum

fluctuations of the stored charge have to be minimized.

In order to reduce the variation in the device structure, we would like to build a

single-electron memory device in crystalline silicon that has well-controlled dimensions. We defined the transistor channel and the floating gate by using lithography.

Finally, the single-electron memory potentially has a number of advantages over

conventional memories: (1) the quantized characteristics of the device make it

immune to the noise from the environment—unless the noise level reaches a certain threshold, it will not affect the memory state. The immunity to noise is especially important for the future terabits integration, simply because of the sheer large number of devices present on a single small chip area. (2) the inherent quantized nature of the SEMM makes it possible to easily implement multilevel logic storage in a single memory cell; (3) the device can operate at a higher speed due to the use of only one or few electrons during writing and erasing; (4) for the same reason, the device can also have ultralow power consumption.

2.3 NANO TUBES, CNT ELECTRONICS.

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), which are graphite cylinders

made of a hexagonal carbon-atom lattice, have drawn a great deal of interests due to their Fundamental research importance and tremendous potential technical applications . For Example, they might play an important role in future molecular electronic devices, such as room-temperature single electron and field-effect transistors , and rectifiers . A SWNT can be either a semiconductor or a metal, depending on its helicity and diameter.

The electronic properties of the SWNT have been the subject of an increasing number of experimental and theoretical studies since 1995. And it is expected that very soon SWNT will see it’s application in Nano electronics. SWNT is going to see it’s application in transistors where it can reduce the gate length and also reduce leakage current.

SWNTs have very low electrical resistance. Resistance occurs when an electron get deflected away from its path, when it is traveling through a material. In a 3-D conductor, electrons have plenty of opportunity to scatter, since they can do so at any angle. All these scatterings will give rise to electrical resistance. The situation is different in 1D. In a truly 1D conductor, however, electrons can only travel forward or backward. Only backscattering will lead to electrical resistance. But backscattering in nanotubes is impeded by the special symmetry of graphite and carbon nanotubes, and is therefore less likely to happen. Because of this, electrons can travel in nanotubes for long distances without being scattered, and this type of ballistic transport has been observed experimentally

2.4 NANO WIRES

A nanowire is a wire of dimensions of the order of a nanometer. They are also called quantum wires because their properties are governed by quantum mechanics. They can be used to link or connect tiny component is nanocircuits. They are referred as 1 dimensional materials (because their length to width ratio is very high). The electrons here are quantum confined and occupy different energy levels than those of bulk material.

They will see their application in electronics, opto-electronics and Micro Electro mechanical systems. They will be seeing possible applations in future molecular electronic devices, as resonant tunneling diodes, single-electron transistors, and field effect structures and also in making logic gates.

2.5 QUANTUM DOT

It is the semiconductor nanostructure which exhibits the phenomenon of confining motions of electrons of conduction, valence or excitons in all three spatial directions. They have superior quantum and optical properties and are being researched for diode laser, amplifier, sensors, etc. They are also seeing application in Light Emitting Diodes(Quantum Dot Single Electron Device). The ability to control electron charging of a capacitive node by individual electron makes there devices suitable for memory application.

A quantum well is a potential well that confines particles, which were originally free to move in three dimensions, to two dimensions, forcing them to occupy a planar region

3. MANUFACTURING CHALLENGES

Nanofabrication is being developed to construct devices such as resonant tunneling diodes and transistors and single electron transistors and carbon

nanotube transistors. The most common type of transistor being developed for use at the nanoscale is the field effect transistor.

Economics issues are constraining nano-electronics to hit market.

Two ways of manufacturing nano materials are:-

1. Bottom up self assembly (wet chemistry) In this type of fabrication we start from atoms or molecules to get to the desired material.

2. Top down self assembly (Lithography and derivatives) In this type of fabrication the bulk material is broken down into smaller pieces.

Thought we have knowledge about many new materials and their physics at nanoscale but to get the technology economically available (cost effective) and to get the state of art levels of manufacturing nanomaterials is still under development.

4. ABBREVIATION:-

IBM – International Business Machine

CMOS – Complimentary metal oxide semiconductor

CNT - Carbon nanotube

SWNT – Single Walled Nano Tube (carbon nanotube in most cases)

MOSFET - Metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor

5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:-

I would like to thank Prof. Manish Sharma(S.V.I.T.S. Indore), Prof. K.K. Chaudhari(S.V.I.T.S. Indore), Prof. R.N. Paul(S.V.I.T.S. Indore) for their guidance and support.

6. CONCLUSIONS

Nanotechnology is bringing new solutions to micro electronics to take to nano electronics to get better, faster as well as cost effective solutions.

7. REFERENCES

1. Silicon Nanotechnology by Shunri Oda and David Ferry , Taylor and Fransis Group LLC.

2. International Technology Roadmap of Semiconductors http://public.itrs.net/

3. En.wikipedia.org

4. Nano Cmos working and physical device Wiley Interscience

5. CMOS Electronics- how it works how it fails IEEE Press Wiley interscience

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Friday, August 31, 2007

Nano's Big Numbers

In 2005, leading nanotechnology research firm Lux Research issued a report claiming that nanotechnology would be the basis for $2.6 trillion in new products and services by 2015. At the time, it was widely hailed by nanotech supporters as an indication of the field's immense potential. To critics, it was just another example of excessive hype.

Debate still rages over the validity of that figure. I was recently asked for my opinion, and here's my answer: I think $2.6 trillion is a reasonable estimate.

Start small
Earlier this spring, Wilbur Ross indicated that while nanotechnology is only enhancing $11 billion worth of textiles today, he expects that figure to increase to $120 billion by 2012. Meanwhile, BASF (NYSE: BF) has publicly indicated that it expects its new nanotechnology research and development facility to account for between $61 billion and $74 billion in new products by 2011.

Earlier this month, Cientific, another nano consulting firm -- and a tough critic of the $2.6 trillion figure -- issued a report on the future market for nanoparticle drug-delivery particles. The firm estimated the current market at $3.9 billion, growing only to $26 billion by 2012.

That's hardly pocket change, but it's still a thousand times short of $2.6 trillion. Even if one then adds in Ross' $120 billion projection for textiles, and BASF's $70 billion figure, the total barely reaches one-tenth of $2.6 trillion. Does that make Lux's estimate overinflated? Not necessarily.

The tip of the iceberg
For starters, all of those cited figures just take us through 2012. They don't address the next three years at all, and that's when things should get interesting. Even the ever-pessimistic Cientific admits that the market for nanoparticle drug delivery devices will grow to $220 billion by 2015 -- an eightfold improvement from its 2012 estimates.

More importantly, drug-delivery devices, textiles, and BASF's nanocoatings represent just the tip of the proverbial iceberg for nanotechnology-enabled products.

Hewlett-Packard (NYSE: HPQ), IBM (NYSE: IBM), and Intel (Nasdaq: INTC) have all announced nanotech breakthroughs in semiconductors just this year. As the industry continues to scale down the circuit paths of its chips to a mere 45 nanometers apart, with future goals of 32 and 22 nanometers, these firms' research in nanomaterials and carbon nanotubes will likely pay off in substantial ways.

The energy industry is also poised for immediate gains from nanotech in the coming years. Altair (Nasdaq: ALTI) and A123 Systems are currently employing nanotech advances to improve lithium-ion batteries, and the results are being actively explored by firms such as General Motors (NYSE: GM) and Pacific Gas & Electric. Meanwhile, Chevron (NYSE: CVX) and Headwaters are experimenting with nanoparticle catalysts to transform the heavy oils of the Canadian sand pits into lighter, more valuable crude oil.

Nanotech also holds great potential to radically transform the economics of solar-cell production. Harris & Harris holds equity stakes in at least two companies -- Innovalight and Nanosys -- pursuing advances in the field of thin-film solar cell production. Other firms pursuing similar advances include Nanosolar, Miasole, and Konarka.

An industry in its infancy
The list of companies and industries pursuing revolutionary nanotech advances is nearly endless. DuPont is creating new nanocoatings; Motorola is applying nanomaterials to the creation of flat-panel displays; and Ford and Boeing are investing millions in nanotech research, hoping for advances in the construction of next-generation airplanes and automobiles.

Given the depth and breadth of products that nanotech might enhance, Lux's $2.6 trillion figure sounds ever more realistic. The industry is undergoing exponential growth, a trend whose power most investors underestimate. Nanotechnology isn't quite doubling every year, but it's still making rapid progress. Come 2015, the field's overall value might surprise a great many people. If you want to take advantage of this opportunity, start familiarizing yourself with the industry now.

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Semiconductor market to touch $5.49 bn in 2009

NEW DELHI: Global chip majors may not be rushing to India but the Indian semiconductor segment is showing potential with the total market revenues expected to reach $5.49 billion in 2009 driven by telecom, IT, power and broadcasting equipment.

But this may not be enough as India will be just 1.62 per cent of the global semiconductor market in 2009 which is a small improvement over 1.09 per cent in 2006.

The Indian Semiconductor Association - Frost & Sullivan report update today said "the global semiconductor Total Market is growing at a rate of 8-9 per cent compounded annual growth rate while India's TM is growing at 26.7 per cent CAGR" showing there are strong indicators pointed to the emerging boom in the domestic manufacturing in the electronics eco-system.

The growth of Total Availabler Market (TAM) revenues is expected to grow at 35.8 per cent in 2009 at $3.18 billion from $1.26 billion. The Total Market (TM) revenues in the same period are likely to grow at 26.7 per cent to $5.4 billion (2009) from $2.69 billion (2006), the report said.

TAM which represents semiconductor usage in local manufacturing is expected to grow faster than the TM and this signifies increasing domestic manufacturing for different electronic products in India, Anand Rangachary, MD, South Asia & ME, Frost & Sullivan said.

As domestic demand for all electronics product is growing, India's semiconductor market is emerging as one of the fastest growing region in the world, he said.

Mobile handsets, desktops and notebooks, GSM base stations, set top boxes and energy meters are the top five end-user products that are expected to drive growth. The top four semiconductor products that are expected to drive revenues are micro-processors, analog, memory and discretes.

Indian marketplace is rapidly evolving with the changing dynamics. The findings are pointers to direction in which the semiconductor market is headed, Poornima Shenoy, president, ISA said.

Government has already announced the Semiconductor Policy but the guidelines are yet to come halting the projects in the pipeline. The policy announced in February is aimed at creating a high-tech manufacturing sector in India and expected to attract investments of over $10 billion.

The government will bear 20 per cent of the capital expenditure in the first 10 years if a unit is located inside Special Economic Zones (SEZs) and 25 per cent in case of other units. The countervailing duty (CVD) on capital goods would also be exempted in case of units outside SEZs.

For semiconductor manufacturing (wafer fabs) plants, the threshold Net Present Value (NPV) of investments would be Rs 2,500 crore and the NPV of investments for manufacturing other products would be Rs 1,000 crore. Assuming the projects have a 1:1 debt to equity ratio, the government is likely to restrict its participation to around 26 per cent of the equity.

The remaining will be in the form of interest-free loans, tax subsidies, and concessions. The policy covers LCDs, plasmas, storage devices, solar cells, photo-voltaics and nanotechnology products and includes assembly and testing of these products.
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Wednesday, August 29, 2007

Bangalore Nano 2007

Will focus on the integrated roles of technologies, applications and market for successful commercialisation of nanotechnology.


Friday, August 24, 2007: Department of IT and Biotechnology, Government of Karnataka, in association with Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, is going to organise a two-day Bangalore Nano 2007 Convention on 6 and 7 December 2007. The theme of Bangalore Nano 2007 is 'Bridging the Research- Industry Gap in Nanotechnology'.



 The event will create opportunity for researchers, innovators, entrepreneurs, venture capitalists and large business enterprises to showcase the latest advancements in various sectors of nanotechnology. The two-day event will enable investors and the industry to pick the technology winners and identify the investment opportunities of the future.

"Nanotechnology and science have many potentially valuable societal applications for poor people, including the creation of more efficient filtering systems for producing clean drinking water (through the creation of filters that prevent viruses and toxins from entering the water supply) and the provision of cheap and clean energy (through more efficient solar cells)," said Professor C N R Rao, president, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre.

The conference will focus on nanotechnology, nanomedicine, healthcare, nanobiotechnology, chemical industry and new nanomaterials, nanotechnologies for ICT, electronics, impact of nanotech on lifestyle, nanotech for aerospace, defence and nuclear technology, investment opportunities and partnering opportunities.

"The Government of Karnataka is committed to the development of nanoscience and nanotechnology and is destined to become a hub. Necessary support will be given to scientists, researchers and companies who can engage their fellow-citizens in an open dialogue on the benefits. The Bangalore Nano 2007 will usher a new era and set platform for discussions and direction for this cutting-edge technology to reflect the new realities of global science," shared VidyaShankar, secretary to government, department of IT, Biotechnology and Science and Technology, govt of Karnataka.
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Beating the United States in the Race for Nanotechnology

Since the launch of the National Nanotechnology Initiative by the US in the year 2000, at least 35 countries around the world have initiated national programs in nanotechnology. It has been estimated that, from 1997 to 2003, government organizations worldwide have increased their R&D investments in the field six-fold. In Singapore, we have identified it from quite early as an exciting new area for our own economic development.

I remember having a long conversation with President Shimon Peres in Israel a few years ago on the importance of nanotechnology. In case you don't know, he has become an absolute convert, and in many ways a missionary in nanotechnology. Seeing in some of the new advances in scientific development hopes for transcending some of the age old problems in the middle east. He has always been an idealist and god knows in a place like the middle east you do need people who are idealistic.

Just yesterday, I met a Taiwanese visitor and he gave me a coffee mug. I was wondering, why did he give me a coffee mug? I looked at the fine print and it said, "made of nano material". If I were to pour Coca Cola into it, all of the gas would quickly fizzle off... Thats Taiwan, they are very quick sensing opportunity. Move! Commercialization!

For Singapore, a city-state which lacks space and has no natural resources, the biomedical sector suits us well. We are small, very small, but we are quite well-run. Having a cosmopolitan outlook, Singaporeans welcome foreigners into our midst... Our culture enables people of diverse backgrounds to come and work together on the basis of equality, using English as the common language. Since our Free Trade Agreement with the US was signed a few years ago, our protection of intellectual property has become the best in all of Asia. That has proved to be a great advantage. In six years, the value of the biomedical sector more than tripled from $6 billion Singapore Dollars in 2000 to $23 billion last year.

Singapore thrives only to the extent that it is a crucible for interesting ideas and a habitat for interesting people. We cannot create such a mix by ourselves. We have to be like an Italian renaissance city-state... welcoming talented individuals from near and far, and facilitating their creative development.

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Nano Technology scores over IT and Biotech

COIMBATORE: With Cumulative Aggregate Growth Rate of Nano Technology registering 50 per cent from 2000 to 2007, compared to 35 per cent in IT and 25 per cent in BioTech sectors, there was tremendous investment potential in Nano sector, a top official said on Thursday.

Compared to $700 million in 1999, when the technology was in its infancy, the investment in the sector had crossed $50 billion in 2006 alone, Dr A Sivathanu Pillai, Chief Controller, R&D, DRDO said.

In a presentation on 'Nanotechnology: opportunities and challenges,' after inaugurating a Nanotechnology Department in Bharathiar University here, Pillai said the US has invested $780 million, EU $660 million, Japan $800 million and other countries $770 million in the field, with India investing Rs 200 crore as it was at 'starting point now'.

With a one trillion nano technology market size expected in 2015, materials would contribute $340 billion, electronics $300 billion, pharmaceuticals $180 billion, chemical and refining $100 billion, aerospace $70 billion, health care $30 billion, tools $20 billion and sustainable processes $45 billion, he said.

As far as Nanoscience and Technology initiatives in India were concerned, 37 institutions have been involved to develop the technology, with identification of 110 projects.

There should be a larger interface between academy and industry and also heavy generation of trained manpower to compete with other countries, Pillai said.
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Public Markets and Nanotechnology Companies

Public Markets and Nanotechnology Companies

R. Douglas Moffat

Historically, public equity markets have provided capital for rapidly expanding firms having established products and seeking growth capital. Periodically, new technology or corporate growth models, combined with unusually heavy money flows into the stock market, fuel speculative demand for shares in new companies. Biotechnology investing has run in such cycles for more than 20 years. The Internet boom of the late 1990s reached unprecedented levels of irrational expectations and speculation. Other examples include the fuel cell boom of 20002001.

The public market's appetite for initial public offerings (IPOs) in a sector also is heavily influenced by the business model characteristics and the track record of the model for success. Biotech has achieved success in part because of the appetite for these firms by big pharmaceutical firms. Software stocks have proven to be fast growers without heavy capital investment.

Nanotech probably will be a big hit on Wall Street, but the timing will depend on progress achieved in moving products closer to market acceptance. Many of the nanoscience-enabled products being commercialized now are coming out of large companies. Examples include nanotube-based plasma televisions and personal care products. A limited number of smaller firms are introducing nanotech products in the short term. Most companies, however, are still refining the science behind paradigm-shifting technologies having massive potential. Commercialization issues include interfacing nanodevices with the macro environment, scalable manufacturing, and, in the health-care world, long FDA approval cycles.

Wall Street investors typically have preferred focused business models concentrated on growth from a narrowly defined technology or product group. Management focus historically has produced better execution and shareholder returns.

At this stage of nanotechnology development, however, intellectual property platforms based on broad patents (often coming from academia) are the main assets behind many companies. The applicability of this IP could cut across many markets and applications. Some firms have amassed broad IP by taking a portfolio approach to early-stage commercialization, an approach most stock investors do not favor. Such diversification, however, makes sense not only from a scientific point of view but also to lessen risks associated with potential patent litigation. The patent landscape in nanotech might be likened to the gold rush days, with overlapping claims.

Nanotechnology is different from other tech waves. First, the technology is often paradigm shifting, either creating new markets or providing quantum improvement in performance at a low cost. The enabling science probably is applicable to a wide variety of applications. In time, stock market investors may come to appreciate the power of a new nanotech business model, one with core IP at its center and with the prospects to spin off many companies with varied new products. The evolution of acceptable nanotech business models in public markets will depend in part on VC investors' willingness to extend funding horizons to allow firms to develop products.

There is significant buzz on Wall Street around nanotechnology. Leading Wall Street firms are beginning to commit resources to research and fund nanotechnology. A favorable environment is emerging for a successful nanotech début on the street.

Since the Internet bubble deflation in 2000, public equity markets have taken on a more risk-averse character. IPO investors have preferred to fund companies with established products, revenues, and profits as well as large companies restructured by private equity firms. A limited number of nanotechnology-enabled firms have been able to tap public equity markets. Public equity access likely will improve as nanotechnology firms move closer to the introduction of novel products having a clear path to revenue and profits. Equity issuance by nanotech firms likely will grow slowly over the next five years, gathering potentially explosive momentum thereafter.

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Nanotechnology Start-up Companies

Nanotechnology Start-up Companies

Nanotechnology start-up companies should not expect to defy fundamental business principles, as did the Internet companies of the mid- to late 1990s, if only for a brief period. Nanotechnology companies should expect to be measured by standard metrics and to confront the same industry dynamics and fundamental business issues (for example, personnel choices, sales strategy, high-volume manufacturing, efficient allocation of capital, marketing, execution of their business model, time-to-market challenges, and so on) that face the other companies in their relevant industry category.

Certain key characteristics often differentiate nanotechnology start-up companies. They possess a technology platform with a body of intellectual property and a team of scientists, but no formal business plan, product strategy, well-defined market opportunity, or management team. Second, they are founded by (or are associated with) leading researchers at top-tier academic institutions. They employ a financing approach that highly leverages equity financing with the application of grant funding, and they need to have a more scientifically diverse workforce than other start-up companies.

It is common for these companies to employ chemists, physicists, engineers, biologists, computer scientists, and materials scientists because of the interdisciplinary nature of nanotechnology and the unique skills and knowledge that are required for product commercialization. Moreover, nanotech companies tend to sign up development partners (usually larger, more established companies) early in their maturation to provide technology validation and additional resources in the form of development funds, access to technology, sales and distribution channels, and manufacturing expertise.

Nanotechnology start-up companies can best be classified into six primary categories: nanomaterials and nanomaterials processing; nanobiotechnology; nanosoftware; nanophotonics; nanoelectronics, and nanoinstrumentation. Many companies in the nanomaterials category are developing methods and processes to manufacture a range of nanomaterials in large quantities as well as developing techniques to functionalize, solubilize, and integrate these materials into unique formulations. A variety of nanomaterials will ultimately be integrated into a host of end products (several are on the market) that will provide unique properties, such as scratch resistance, increased stiffness and strength, reduced friction and wear, greater electrical and thermal conductivity, and so on.

The three areas that have received the most funding based on dollars invested are nanoelectronics, nanophotonics, and nanoinstrumentation. However, in terms of the absolute number of companies that have been funded, nanomaterials companies are the clear leader.

Nanobiotechnology is the application of nanotechnology to biological systems. Applications exist in all of the traditional areas of biotechnology, such as therapeutics discovery and production, drug-delivery systems technologies, diagnostics, and so on. Incorporating nanotechnology into biotechnology will lead to the enhanced ability to label, detect, and study biological systems (such as genes, proteins, DNA fragments, single molecules, and so on) with great precision as well as to develop unique drug targets and therapies.

Nanoelectronics is based upon individual or ordered assemblies of nanometer-scale device components. These building blocks could lead to devices with significant cost advantages and performance attributes, such as extremely low power operation (~nanoWatt), ultra-high device densities (~1 trillion elements/cm2), and blazing speed (~1 Terahertz switching rates). In addition, the possibility exists of enabling a new class of devices with unique functionality. Examples include, but are not limited to, multi-state logic elements; high-quantum-efficiency, low-power, tunable, multicolor light-emitting diodes (LEDs); low-power, high-density nonvolatile random access memory (RAM); quantum dot-based lasers; universal analyte sensors; low-impedance, high-speed interconnects, and so on.

Nanophotonics companies are developing highly integrated, subwavelength optical communications components using a combination of proprietary nanomaterials and nanotech manufacturing technologies, along with standard complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) processing. This provides for the low-cost integration of electronic and photonic components on a single chip. Products in this category include low-cost, high-performance devices for high-speed optical communications, such as wavelength converters, tunable filters, polarization combiners, reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexers (ROADMs), optical transceivers, and so on.

Nanoinstrumentation is based on tools that manipulate, image, chemically profile, and write matter on a nanometer-length scale (far less than 100nm). These tools include the well-known microscopy techniques such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM), as well as newer techniques such as dip-pen nanolithography (DPN), nanoimprint lithography (NIL), and atom probe microscopes for elucidating three-dimensional atomic composition and structure of solid materials and thin films. These are the basic tools that enable scientists and engineers to perform nanoscale science and to develop nanotechnology products.

Nanosoftware is based on modeling and simulation tools for research in advanced materials (cheminformatics) and the design, development, and testing of drugs in the biotechnology industry (bioinformatics). This category also includes electronic and photonic architecture, structure, and device modeling tools such as specific incarnations of electronic design automation (EDA) software or quantum simulations, and so on. In addition, one might further include proprietary software packages developed to operate nanoinstrumentation-based tools or interpret data collected from such instruments.

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Nanotechnology Venture Capital Investment

Nanotechnology Venture Capital Investment

Nanotechnology is not a single market but rather a set of enabling (and potentially groundbreaking) technologies that can be applied to solve high-value problems in almost every industry. This includes industries as disparate as telecommunications, biotechnology, microelectronics, textiles, and energy. Many investors refer to nanotechnology investing as if it were its own investment category, because nanotechnology can add unique and specific value to a product that results in greatly enhanced performance attributes or cost advantages (or both). But customers purchasing nanotechnology products are buying these products, not because they are based on nanotechnology, but because they are characterized by specific performance enhancements, reduced costs, or both.

Almost every product application of nanotechnology is based either on a material characterized by nanoscale dimensions or on a process technology conducted at the nanometer scale. Nanomaterials possess unique propertiesincluding optical, electronic, magnetic, physical, and chemical reactivity propertiesthat, when harnessed appropriately, can lead to entirely new, high-performance technologies and products. Changing a material's size, rather than its chemical composition, enables the control of that material's fundamental properties.

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Venture Capital Investing

Venture Capital Investing

Daniel V. Leff

Venture capital is money that is typically invested in young, unproven companies with the potential to develop into multibillion-dollar industry leaders, and it has been an increasingly important source of funds for high-technology start-up companies in the last several years. Venture capitalists are the agents that provide these financial resources as well as business guidance in exchange for ownership in a new business venture. VCs typically hope to garner returns in excess of 3050 percent per year on their investments. They expect to do so over a four- to seven-year time horizon, which is the period of time, on average, that it takes a start-up company to reach a liquidity event (a merger, acquisition, or initial public offering).

Very few high-tech start-up companies are attractive candidates for VC investment. This is especially true for nanotechnology start-ups, because the commercialization of nanoscience is still in its nascent stages. Companies that are appropriate for VC investment generally have some combination of the following five characteristics: (1) an innovative (or disruptive) product idea based on defensible intellectual property that gives the company a sustainable competitive advantage; (2) a large and growing market opportunity that is greater than $1 billion and is growing at more than 2030 percent per year; (3) reasonable time to market (one to three years) for the first product to be introduced; (4) a strong management team of seasoned executives; and (5) early customers and relationships with strategic partners, with a strong likelihood of significant revenue.

An early-stage start-up company rarely possesses all of these characteristics and often does not need to in order to attract venture financing. Indeed, early-stage start-ups are often funded without complete management teams, strategic partners, or customers. Absent these characteristics, however, there should be, at a minimum, a passionate, visionary entrepreneur who helped develop the core technology and wants to play an integral role in building the company.

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